Creating Lasting Conditions for Meaningful Recess Reform: A 5-School Exploration
This research article examines the implementation of a recess improvement program across five elementary schools. The study employed a mixed-methods approach, combining observations, interviews, surveys, and focus groups to assess the program's effectiveness. While aggregate quantitative data showed limited overall improvement, one school demonstrated significant positive changes. Four key factors contributing to successful and sustained recess reform were identified: staff engagement, program integration, student leadership, and effective communication. The findings highlight the importance of whole-school commitment and leadership support for successful recess reform.
College of Health researcher(s)
Abstract
Background
When well implemented, recess is a critical part of the school day for children's healthy development. We explored the implementation of a recess improvement process in 5 elementary schools across 3 states.
Methods
We conducted a mixed-methods implementation study in which we visited each school 3 times over 1 school year, collecting observational, interview, survey, and focus group data. Qualitative data were coded thematically and analyzed across schools. Quantitative data were tabulated and aggregated over time and across schools.
Results
We observed improvements in aspects of recess quality at each school, with three schools demonstrating the most progress. Quantitative data showed null effects in aggregate; however one school demonstrated significant improvements. Four criteria contributed to the quality and sustainability of recess reform: staff engagement, integration with other programs, student leadership, and recess communications.
Implications for School Health Policy, Practice, and Equity
Program implementation research often refers to "buy-in" as a key ingredient to successful adoption. We provide a tool that helps to operationalize buy-in in the recess context.
Conclusions
Changing the recess environment requires individual and institutional commitment to valuing recess as an important learning environment. School administrators must lead the change process and create institutional infrastructure to support success.
FAQ: Recess Reform in Elementary Schools
What is the significance of recess in the context of elementary education?
Recess offers numerous developmental benefits for children, encompassing physical, social, emotional, and academic aspects. Research suggests that well-structured recess, far from hindering academic progress, actually enhances concentration and classroom behavior, benefiting both students and teachers. It contributes to a positive school climate, fostering physical and emotional safety, nurturing relationships, and encouraging a supportive learning environment.
What disparities exist in access to recess, and how do they impact children's well-being?
Unfortunately, not all students have equal access to daily recess, which exacerbates existing inequalities in children's overall well-being. Studies indicate that Black children, those from low-income families, and students in urban areas are less likely to have consistent daily recess. These disparities contribute to an "opportunity gap," where some children miss out on the crucial developmental benefits that recess provides.
What is the "Recess Reboot" program, and how does it aim to improve the recess experience?
Developed by the national non-profit organization Playworks, Recess Reboot is a consultative program designed to help schools create a safer and healthier recess environment. It consists of four days of immersive on-site training for school staff. The training covers strategies, games, and systems to help staff implement and sustain a more effective recess program. The goal is to jumpstart a positive change process at the school, empowering them to tailor their approach to the unique needs of their community.
What role does staff engagement play in the success of recess reform efforts?
Staff engagement is crucial for successful recess reform. While recess monitors play a key role in implementing new strategies, it's vital that they receive adequate support and understanding from school administrators and teachers. All stakeholders need to recognize the importance of recess and actively participate in the change process. Effective communication, shared knowledge of the benefits of recess, and empowerment of recess staff are essential for sustainable improvement.
How can recess reform be effectively integrated with other school programs?
Intentional integration of recess reform with existing programs, such as Positive Behavioral Intervention and Supports (PBIS), character development, or social-emotional learning (SEL) initiatives, can significantly enhance its impact. Aligning recess activities with these programs provides students with opportunities to apply their learning in a practical setting, reinforcing positive behaviors and social-emotional skills.
What is the "Junior Coach" program, and how does it contribute to a positive recess environment?
The Junior Coach program empowers older elementary students to take on leadership roles during recess. These student leaders help initiate games, model positive behavior, and support their peers. When implemented effectively, the program creates a multi-layered support system, encouraging student engagement and promoting a positive and inclusive recess environment.
Why is communication essential for successful and sustainable recess reform?
Consistent and clear communication among staff, students, and families is vital for the success of recess reform. Regular check-ins between Playworks trainers and school staff, communication between school leadership and the school community about new recess initiatives, and open dialogue among staff members can help address challenges, share successes, and maintain momentum for positive change.
How can schools assess their readiness for recess reform and ensure ongoing commitment to improvement?
Schools can utilize a "Recess Reform School Readiness Checklist" to evaluate their preparedness for undertaking and sustaining recess reform efforts. This checklist prompts reflection on key areas such as district and school-level support, policy alignment, staffing and resources, staff engagement, communication strategies, and the integration of recess with other programs. It serves as a valuable tool for self-assessment and ongoing monitoring of commitment to creating a high-quality recess experience for all students.